Day 3 classwork

Page 160-165 notes

• Rome's increasing wealth and expanding boundaries brought many problems
• As Rome grew, the gap between rich and poor grew wider
• thousands of enslaved persons were forced to work on estates
• 100 BC enslaved persons formed 1/3 of the populations
• small farmers sold there farms to wealthier farmers and then became homeless
• Tiberius and Gaius attempted to help Rome's poor
• They proposed such reforms as limiting the size of estates and giving land to the poor
• Tiberius died in 133 bc due to a civil war, and Gaius died the same way in 121 bc
• As the republic grew more unstable, generals began seizing greater power for themselves
• In 60 bc military leader named Julius Caesar joined forces with Crassus and Pompey
• Julius was elected consul in 59 bc
• 58-50 bc Julius led his armies to conquer all of Gaul
• in 50 bc the senate, at Pompey's urgings, ordered Julius to disband his legions and return home
• Caesar's troops defeated Pompey's armies in Greece, Asia, Spain, and Egypt
• Julius helped the poor by creating jobs for them, created colonies, and increased pay for soldiers
• Marcus Brutus and Gaius Cassius stabbed Julius to death on March 15, 44 BC (senate chamber)
• Julius' grandnephew, adopted son Octavion joined forces with Mark Antony and Lepidus to control Rome for ten years
• They all later fell apart
• Octavion defeated Antony and Cleopatra combined forces in 31 BC; They both then committed Suicide
• Octavion took control of Rome
• Augustus stabilized the frontier, glorified Rome with splendid public buildings, and created a system of government that survived for centuries
• Set up a civil service that paid workers to manage the affairs of the government, such as the grain supply, tax collection, and the postal system
• Augustus died in AD 14
• about 90 percent of the people were engaged in farming
• silver coin called denarius
• Emphasized the virtues of discipline, strength, and loyalty
• Slaves were a huge thing in Rome
• Slaves were property of their owners
• Worshipped powerful spirits or divine forces, called numina
• Most important gods were Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva
• Government provided free games, races, mock battles, and gladiator battles for the poor

Terms+ questions:

• civil war- conflict between groups within the same country
• Julius Caesar-Military leader who joined forces with Crassus and Pompey. He was elected consul in 59 BC
• Triumvirate-In Ancient Rome, a group of three leaders sharing control of the government
• Augustus-"Octavian" was the unchallenged ruler of Rome. "Exalted one"
• Pax Romana-A period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 BC to AD 180

1. The Empire was far too vast 
   The Catholic religion split, causing conflict 
   Constant hammering of Germans and nomads 
   Losing money because of raids
2. Augustus was a very capable ruler and he set up an efficient government with paid civil servants
3. The government provided free games, races, mock battles, and gladiator contest